Housing Architecture
AI Sampling Singapore

Housing Architecture for Immanuel Koh

Singapore is an artificial city. Trained with a large dataset of 3D digital models of high-rise buildings found in Singapore, the custom designed AI model generates not only formally plausible and semantically coherent configurations, but begins to also imagine novel and uncanny architectural forms, interpolating and extrapolating among standard high-rise housing typologies such as the slab, point, and cluster blocks.

Immanuel Koh 2025 Academic Iron Press Kit № 170593

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AI Sampling Singapore by Immanuel Koh
AI Sampling Singapore by Immanuel Koh

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Housing Architecture by Immanuel Koh
Housing Architecture by Immanuel Koh

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Immanuel Koh AI Sampling Singapore
Immanuel Koh AI Sampling Singapore

Download 1800 Pixels JPEG Image.

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Immanuel Koh Housing Architecture
Immanuel Koh Housing Architecture

Download 1800 Pixels JPEG Image.

Leverage the high resolution of this 1800-pixel image for detailed, vibrant prints. At 300 DPI, it's ideal for up to 6 inches; at 150 DPI, it scales beautifully to 12 inches. Accredited press members can download high-res images free of watermarks. Alternatively, low-res images are instantly available. To identify photo contributors, visit the Image Credits Section.

Immanuel Koh Designer Portrait Photo
Immanuel Koh Designer Portrait Photo

Download 1800 Pixels JPEG Image.

This 1800-pixel image adapts to your print needs: sharp and detailed at 6 inches with 300 DPI, it transitions smoothly to 12 inches at 150 DPI, preserving visual quality. Unlock high-res, watermark-free images with press accreditation, or instantly download a low-res version today. Image attributions can be found in the Image Credits Section.

Immanuel KohBrand Logo
Immanuel KohBrand Logo

Download 1800 Pixels JPEG Image.

Utilize this 1800-pixel image at 300 DPI for sharp, detailed prints up to 6 inches. When your narrative requires larger images, deploying it at 150 DPI allows for clear, impactful visuals up to 12 inches. Accredited press members can download high-res images free of watermarks. Alternatively, low-res images are instantly available. For attribution details, see the Image Credits Section.

Unique Properties

Is it possible to sample at scale and at high-resolution every single building ever built in a country? If so, can such a dataset be used to train an AI model in generating new yet locally compliant buildings without any explicit regulatory control inputs? The project explores the design agency of deep generative neural networks in learning three-dimensional exteriority and interiority with a redesigned 3D generative adversarial network (3D-GAN) AI model. Winner of WAFX2024, IDA2024 and BLT2024.

Tags

AI

Production Technology

A custom generative AI model was trained from scratch using proprietary code base and dataset. Specifically, a 3D generative adversarial network (3D-GAN) AI model was trained to learn semantic and spatial configuration of high-rise high-density residential public housing in Singapore.

Design Challenge

The non-existence of 3D models and their corresponding floor plans was the first challenge. New workflow and tools had to be developed to not only collect (i.e., digitally and physically), but create (annotate) and curate (i.e., exploratory data analysis) such high quality dataset to train an AI model from scratch. Technically difficult due to the scalability of similar CAD representation which was overcome via a novel AI latent representation of 3D.

Project Duration

This is an on-going and longer-term AI x Architecture research being conducted at the university design lab since 2021. It was however only published much later as an official architectural design award entry from 2024 onwards.

Operation Flow

This is a digital AI x Architecture generative research project, while the dataset was digitally collected from existing physical buildings in Singapore.

Research

A custom generative AI model was trained from scratch using proprietary code base and dataset. Specifically, a 3D generative adversarial network (3D-GAN) AI model was trained to learn semantic and spatial configuration of high-rise high-density residential public housing in Singapore.

Inspiration

Singapore is an artificial city! Trained with a large dataset of 3D digital models of high-rise buildings found in Singapore, the custom-designed AI model generates not only formally plausible and semantically coherent configurations, but begins to also imagine novel and uncanny architectural forms, interpolating and extrapolating among standard high-rise housing typologies such as the slab, point, and cluster blocks. Project exhibited at Venice Architecture Biennale and Singapore's Arts House.

Image Credits

All credits: Artificial-Architecture

Project Overview

AI Sampling Singapore Housing Architecture has been a Iron winner in the Generative, Algorithmic, Parametric and AI-Assisted Design award category in the year 2024 organized by the prestigious A' Design Award & Competition. The Iron A' Design Award is awarded to good designs that meet the rigorous professional and industrial standards set by the A' Design Awards. This recognition is reserved for works that demonstrate a solid understanding of design principles and show creativity within their execution. Recipients of the Iron A' Design Award are acknowledged for their practical innovations and contributions to their respective fields, providing solutions that improve quality of life and foster positive change. These designs are a testament to the skill and dedication of their creators, showcasing their ability to address real-world challenges through thoughtful design.

Immanuel Koh Designer Portrait Photo Award Logo
Iron Recognition

Immanuel Koh was recognized with the coveted Iron A' Design Award in 2025, a testament to excellence of their work AI Sampling Singapore Housing Architecture.

Immanuel Koh Designer Portrait Photo
Immanuel Koh Newsroom

Find inspiration and award-winning creativity within the Immanuel Koh Newsroom.

You are currently viewing Media Showcase № 170593. Dive into Immanuel Koh's newsroom to find their best work, alongside a wealth of high-res images, interviews, and essential links. You are here: Press Kit / Media Showcase 170593 about AI Sampling Singapore. Additional content is available in Newsroom 366573.

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